See rusca on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "rus",
"3": "cə",
"alt2": "ca"
},
"expansion": "rus + -ca",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Morphologically rus + -ca.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "uruscax",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "rusca",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Azerbaijani entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -cə",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"in Russian"
],
"id": "en-rusca-az-adv-HbLplqlF",
"links": [
[
"Russian",
"Russian"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾusd͡ʒɑ]"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾusd͡zɑ]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9292 (aze)-Azerbaijani audiorecordings-rusca.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Baku"
]
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "rusc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruche"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Rüsche"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruche"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "riusza"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "ruche"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "rusche"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrf",
"word": "ruche"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "rusche"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "ruscha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "rusc"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "rusca"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "cel-gau:rūsca<ety:inh<cel-pro:*rūskos<t:bark>>>",
"id": "bark",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nLatin rusca\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"bark\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to dig up\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to tear out, dig out\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*Hrew-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃rewk-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rukskos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rūskos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Gaulish\", \"term\" : \"rūsca\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-gau\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"bark\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"rusca\" id=\"Latin:_bark\">\nBorrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nLatin rusca\nBorrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rūsca",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūsca",
"links": [
[
"rūsca",
"rusca#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscārum",
"links": [
[
"rūscārum",
"ruscarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscīs",
"links": [
[
"rūscīs",
"ruscis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscam",
"links": [
[
"rūscam",
"ruscam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscās",
"links": [
[
"rūscās",
"ruscas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscā",
"links": [
[
"rūscā",
"rusca#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscīs",
"links": [
[
"rūscīs",
"ruscis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūsca",
"links": [
[
"rūsca",
"rusca#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūsca<1>"
},
"expansion": "rūsca f (genitive rūscae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūsca<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Medieval Latin",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bark"
],
"id": "en-rusca-la-noun-FOplB2Rc",
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) bark"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈruːs.ka]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈrus.ka]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"nl": "1"
},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "rusca",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruscum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative plural of ruscum"
],
"id": "en-rusca-la-noun-m~KLYgNt",
"links": [
[
"ruscum",
"ruscum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈruːs.ka]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈrus.ka]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la-eme:rusca<t:bark>",
"id": "bark",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nLombard rusca\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"bark\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to dig up\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to tear out, dig out\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*Hrew-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃rewk-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rukskos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rūskos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Gaulish\", \"term\" : \"rūsca\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-gau\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Early Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-eme\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Lombard\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"lang\" : \"lmo\" }\" data-id=\"bark\" data-lang=\"lmo\" data-title=\"rusca\" id=\"Lombard:_bark\">\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nLombard rusca\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "rusca f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lombard entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lombard entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lombard entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lombard entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bark, peel"
],
"id": "en-rusca-lmo-noun-uq84IRCQ",
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
],
[
"peel",
"peel"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la-eme:rusca<t:bark>",
"id": "bark",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nPiedmontese rusca\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"bark\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to dig up\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to tear out, dig out\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*Hrew-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃rewk-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rukskos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rūskos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Gaulish\", \"term\" : \"rūsca\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-gau\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Early Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-eme\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Piedmontese\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"lang\" : \"pms\" }\" data-id=\"bark\" data-lang=\"pms\" data-title=\"rusca\" id=\"Piedmontese:_bark\">\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nPiedmontese rusca\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "rusca f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Piedmontese entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Piedmontese entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Piedmontese entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Piedmontese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"bark"
],
"id": "en-rusca-pms-noun-FOplB2Rc",
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "rus",
"3": "cə",
"alt2": "ca"
},
"expansion": "rus + -ca",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Morphologically rus + -ca.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "uruscax",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "az",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "rusca",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Azerbaijani adverbs",
"Azerbaijani entries with incorrect language header",
"Azerbaijani lemmas",
"Azerbaijani terms suffixed with -cə",
"Azerbaijani terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"in Russian"
],
"links": [
[
"Russian",
"Russian"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾusd͡ʒɑ]"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɾusd͡zɑ]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q9292 (aze)-Azerbaijani audiorecordings-rusca.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav/LL-Q9292_%28aze%29-Azerbaijani_audiorecordings-rusca.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Baku"
]
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymology texts",
"Latin entries with etymology trees",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms borrowed from Gaulish",
"Latin terms derived from Gaulish",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *Hrew-",
"Latin terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃rewk-",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Pages with inline etymon for redlinks"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Aragonese",
"lang_code": "an",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"word": "rusc"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruche"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "Rüsche"
},
{
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "ruche"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "riusza"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "ruche"
}
],
"lang": "Middle French",
"lang_code": "frm",
"word": "rusche"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrf",
"word": "ruche"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"word": "rusche"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Occitan",
"lang_code": "oc",
"word": "ruscha"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "rusca"
},
{
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"word": "rusc"
},
{
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"word": "rusca"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": ":bor",
"3": "cel-gau:rūsca<ety:inh<cel-pro:*rūskos<t:bark>>>",
"id": "bark",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nLatin rusca\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"bark\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to dig up\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to tear out, dig out\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*Hrew-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃rewk-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rukskos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rūskos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Gaulish\", \"term\" : \"rūsca\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-gau\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }\" data-id=\"bark\" data-lang=\"la\" data-title=\"rusca\" id=\"Latin:_bark\">\nBorrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nLatin rusca\nBorrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rūsca",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae"
]
],
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "rūsca",
"links": [
[
"rūsca",
"rusca#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscārum",
"links": [
[
"rūscārum",
"ruscarum#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscīs",
"links": [
[
"rūscīs",
"ruscis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscam",
"links": [
[
"rūscam",
"ruscam#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscās",
"links": [
[
"rūscās",
"ruscas#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscā",
"links": [
[
"rūscā",
"rusca#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscīs",
"links": [
[
"rūscīs",
"ruscis#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "rūsca",
"links": [
[
"rūsca",
"rusca#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "rūscae",
"links": [
[
"rūscae",
"ruscae#Latin"
]
],
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūsca<1>"
},
"expansion": "rūsca f (genitive rūscae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rūsca<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Medieval Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"bark"
],
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Medieval Latin) bark"
],
"tags": [
"Medieval-Latin",
"declension-1"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈruːs.ka]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈrus.ka]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with etymon",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin noun forms",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"nl": "1"
},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "rusca",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruscum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"nominative/accusative/vocative plural of ruscum"
],
"links": [
[
"ruscum",
"ruscum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"nominative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈruːs.ka]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈrus.ka]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la-eme:rusca<t:bark>",
"id": "bark",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nLombard rusca\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"bark\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to dig up\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to tear out, dig out\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*Hrew-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃rewk-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rukskos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rūskos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Gaulish\", \"term\" : \"rūsca\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-gau\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Early Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-eme\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Lombard\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"lang\" : \"lmo\" }\" data-id=\"bark\" data-lang=\"lmo\" data-title=\"rusca\" id=\"Lombard:_bark\">\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nLombard rusca\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lmo",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "rusca f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Lombard",
"lang_code": "lmo",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Lombard entries with etymology texts",
"Lombard entries with etymology trees",
"Lombard entries with etymon",
"Lombard entries with incorrect language header",
"Lombard feminine nouns",
"Lombard lemmas",
"Lombard nouns",
"Lombard terms derived from Early Medieval Latin",
"Lombard terms derived from Gaulish",
"Lombard terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Lombard terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Lombard terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *Hrew-",
"Lombard terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃rewk-",
"Lombard terms inherited from Early Medieval Latin",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"glosses": [
"bark, peel"
],
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
],
[
"peel",
"peel"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la-eme:rusca<t:bark>",
"id": "bark",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nPiedmontese rusca\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"bark\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to dig up\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to tear out, dig out\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*Hrew-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₃rewk-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rukskos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Celtic\", \"term\" : \"*rūskos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"cel-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Gaulish\", \"term\" : \"rūsca\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"cel-gau\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Early Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-eme\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Piedmontese\", \"term\" : \"rusca\", \"lang\" : \"pms\" }\" data-id=\"bark\" data-lang=\"pms\" data-title=\"rusca\" id=\"Piedmontese:_bark\">\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *Hrew-der.\nProto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-\nProto-Celtic *rukskos\nProto-Celtic *rūskos\nGaulish rūscabor.\nEarly Medieval Latin rusca\nPiedmontese rusca\nInherited from Early Medieval Latin rusca (“bark”), borrowed from Gaulish rūsca, from Proto-Celtic *rūskos (“bark”), from *rukskos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk- (“to dig up”), from *Hrew- (“to tear out, dig out”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pms",
"2": "noun",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "rusca f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Piedmontese",
"lang_code": "pms",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Piedmontese entries with etymology texts",
"Piedmontese entries with etymology trees",
"Piedmontese entries with etymon",
"Piedmontese entries with incorrect language header",
"Piedmontese feminine nouns",
"Piedmontese lemmas",
"Piedmontese nouns",
"Piedmontese terms derived from Early Medieval Latin",
"Piedmontese terms derived from Gaulish",
"Piedmontese terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Piedmontese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Piedmontese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *Hrew-",
"Piedmontese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₃rewk-",
"Piedmontese terms inherited from Early Medieval Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"bark"
],
"links": [
[
"bark",
"bark"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "rusca"
}
Download raw JSONL data for rusca meaning in All languages combined (15.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-09 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.